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Parts of Speech
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What is Grammar?
Grammar is the set of structural rules that govern the composition of clauses, phrases and words in any given language.
The term refers also to the study of such rules.
Grammar lays the groundwork for effective communication. Improper grammar can affect the meaning and clarity of an intended message.
Grammar is the set of structural rules that govern the composition of clauses, phrases and words in any given language.
The term refers also to the study of such rules.
Grammar lays the groundwork for effective communication. Improper grammar can affect the meaning and clarity of an intended message.
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PARTS OF SPEECH
Words are used to form syntax and patterns of English grammar.
Each word falls into one of nine categories referred to as parts of speech.
In this lesson, we will understand and learn to identify the nine categories.
Words are used to form syntax and patterns of English grammar.
Each word falls into one of nine categories referred to as parts of speech.
In this lesson, we will understand and learn to identify the nine categories.
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The Nine Parts of Speech (1–2)
1. Noun:
• A word which is a person, place, thing or idea.
• Nouns can be countable or uncountable.
E.g. Mount Everest, book, horse, Prakash, strength, car, Taj Mahal, China, house, child.
A test for nouns: A good way to identify a noun is to ask, 'Can I have it?'.
You can have 'success', but you can't have 'succeed'. This means 'success' is a noun and 'succeed' is a different part of speech, in this case, a verb.
2. Pronoun
• A word that is used to take the place of a noun.
• There are a number of pronouns such as Subject Pronouns, Object Pronouns, Possessive Pronouns and Demonstrative Pronouns.
E.g. I, they, their, ourselves, itself, your, my, nobody, who, which, her, we.
1. Noun:
• A word which is a person, place, thing or idea.
• Nouns can be countable or uncountable.
E.g. Mount Everest, book, horse, Prakash, strength, car, Taj Mahal, China, house, child.
A test for nouns: A good way to identify a noun is to ask, 'Can I have it?'.
You can have 'success', but you can't have 'succeed'. This means 'success' is a noun and 'succeed' is a different part of speech, in this case, a verb.
2. Pronoun
• A word that is used to take the place of a noun.
• There are a number of pronouns such as Subject Pronouns, Object Pronouns, Possessive Pronouns and Demonstrative Pronouns.
E.g. I, they, their, ourselves, itself, your, my, nobody, who, which, her, we.
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Parts of speech – continued (3–4)
3. Verb: A word that indicates an action, event or state of being.
E.g. Play, run, think, study, smell, wait, be, drive, renounce, fill
A good way to identify a verb, when in doubt, is to ask, \'Can I do it?\'
I can succeed (do it) is correct, but, I can success is incorrect. This means 'succeed' is a verb and the related part of speech 'success' is not a verb; in this case, success is a noun.
4. Adjective: A word that is used to describe a noun or pronoun.
There are various types of adjectives which can be studied in more depth in the section on the adjectives.
E.g. Proud, purple, French, few, this, huge, sad, second, none
A good way to identify an adjective, when in doubt, is to ask about the modified noun or pronoun, what kind of (noun/pronoun) is it ?
E.g. He is a successful businessman is correct, as the word 'successful' answers, 'What kind of businessman is he?'. He is a successfully businessman is incorrect as 'successfully' answers \'How\' and not \'What kind of\'.
This means 'successful' is an adjective and 'successfully' is a different part of speech, in this case, an adverb.
3. Verb: A word that indicates an action, event or state of being.
E.g. Play, run, think, study, smell, wait, be, drive, renounce, fill
A good way to identify a verb, when in doubt, is to ask, \'Can I do it?\'
I can succeed (do it) is correct, but, I can success is incorrect. This means 'succeed' is a verb and the related part of speech 'success' is not a verb; in this case, success is a noun.
4. Adjective: A word that is used to describe a noun or pronoun.
There are various types of adjectives which can be studied in more depth in the section on the adjectives.
E.g. Proud, purple, French, few, this, huge, sad, second, none
A good way to identify an adjective, when in doubt, is to ask about the modified noun or pronoun, what kind of (noun/pronoun) is it ?
E.g. He is a successful businessman is correct, as the word 'successful' answers, 'What kind of businessman is he?'. He is a successfully businessman is incorrect as 'successfully' answers \'How\' and not \'What kind of\'.
This means 'successful' is an adjective and 'successfully' is a different part of speech, in this case, an adverb.
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Parts of speech – continued (5)
5. Adverb: A word that is used to describe a verb which tells how, where, or when something is done. E.g. carefully, often, very, intelligently, quite, too, rarely, never
An adverb is a type of word that has many uses in English. It can modify (describe) a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or a whole sentence.
E.g. (i)The new receptionist works quickly and well.
(ii)The new receptionist is extremely busy.
(iii)The new receptionist works very quickly.
(iv)Fortunately, the new receptionist works well.
5. Adverb: A word that is used to describe a verb which tells how, where, or when something is done. E.g. carefully, often, very, intelligently, quite, too, rarely, never
An adverb is a type of word that has many uses in English. It can modify (describe) a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or a whole sentence.
E.g. (i)The new receptionist works quickly and well.
(ii)The new receptionist is extremely busy.
(iii)The new receptionist works very quickly.
(iv)Fortunately, the new receptionist works well.
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Parts of speech – continued (6–7)
6. Conjunction: A word that is used to join words or groups of words. Conjunctions are used to connect two sentences into one complex sentence.
E.g. and, or, but, neither, because, while, since, although.
Conjunctions connecting two elements of equal weight are 'coordinating conjunctions' and those which introduce dependent clauses are 'subordinating conjunctions'.
Types of Conjunctions with Examples
(i) Coordinating conjunctions – and, or, but, so, or, nor, for, yet
(ii) Subordinating conjunctions – because, since, while, after, if, although, whether
(iii) Correlative conjunctions – not only...but also, either...or, neither...nor, both...and
7. Preposition: A word used to indicate the relationship of a noun or a pronoun to another word. There are numerous prepositions in English.
E.g. in, until, of, from, after, under, beyond, across, toward
Types of prepositions
(i) Time : 'on Sunday', 'in the summer', 'at 5 o'clock'.
(ii) Place : 'under the bed', 'between Matt and Jill', 'at work', 'in front of the TV', 'from the bed and into the box', 'over the city', 'towards the car', 'away from here'.
6. Conjunction: A word that is used to join words or groups of words. Conjunctions are used to connect two sentences into one complex sentence.
E.g. and, or, but, neither, because, while, since, although.
Conjunctions connecting two elements of equal weight are 'coordinating conjunctions' and those which introduce dependent clauses are 'subordinating conjunctions'.
Types of Conjunctions with Examples
(i) Coordinating conjunctions – and, or, but, so, or, nor, for, yet
(ii) Subordinating conjunctions – because, since, while, after, if, although, whether
(iii) Correlative conjunctions – not only...but also, either...or, neither...nor, both...and
7. Preposition: A word used to indicate the relationship of a noun or a pronoun to another word. There are numerous prepositions in English.
E.g. in, until, of, from, after, under, beyond, across, toward
Types of prepositions
(i) Time : 'on Sunday', 'in the summer', 'at 5 o'clock'.
(ii) Place : 'under the bed', 'between Matt and Jill', 'at work', 'in front of the TV', 'from the bed and into the box', 'over the city', 'towards the car', 'away from here'.
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Parts of speech – continued (8–9)
8. Interjection: A single word used to express strong emotion, such as, surprise, joy or disgust.
E.g. Wow!, Ah!, Oh!, No!
9. Determiner: It is a word, phrase, or affix that occurs with a noun or noun phrase and serves to express the reference of that noun or noun phrase in the context.
Determiners are words which come at the beginning of the noun phrase. They tell us whether the noun phrase is specific or general.
Types of Determiners:
(i) Articles – The teacher asked a student to answer the question.
(ii) Demonstrative – These students got this grade on the test.
(iii) Quantifiers – Many got an average grade, some got a pass and few excelled.
(iv) Interrogative – Which countries in South America have you visited?
(v) Numerical – The fourth section in the second test was very easy.
(vi) Possessive – His grade was lower than her grade.
(vii) Relative – We know which test was copied.
8. Interjection: A single word used to express strong emotion, such as, surprise, joy or disgust.
E.g. Wow!, Ah!, Oh!, No!
9. Determiner: It is a word, phrase, or affix that occurs with a noun or noun phrase and serves to express the reference of that noun or noun phrase in the context.
Determiners are words which come at the beginning of the noun phrase. They tell us whether the noun phrase is specific or general.
Types of Determiners:
(i) Articles – The teacher asked a student to answer the question.
(ii) Demonstrative – These students got this grade on the test.
(iii) Quantifiers – Many got an average grade, some got a pass and few excelled.
(iv) Interrogative – Which countries in South America have you visited?
(v) Numerical – The fourth section in the second test was very easy.
(vi) Possessive – His grade was lower than her grade.
(vii) Relative – We know which test was copied.
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| 'My cousin lives in New York. ' Identify the 'part of speech' to which the word 'cousin' belongs.; |
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Pronoun
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Noun
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Preposition
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Adjective
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| 'Unfortunately, they haven't been paying the rent on time recently. ' Identify the 'part of speech' to which the word 'recently' belongs. |
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Adverb
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Adjective
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| 'Well, I don't think I will be here to answer the phone. ' Identify the 'part of speech' to which the word 'well' belongs.; |
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Conjunction
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Preposition
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Interjection
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Punctuation
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| 'After lunch, let's go out for a cup of coffee.' Identify the 'part of speech' to which the word 'after' belongs.; |
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Conjunction
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Interjection
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Preposition
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Adverb
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| 'I'd like to thank you all for attending today's meeting.' Identify the 'part of speech' the word 'for' belongs to.; |
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Preposition
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Conjunction
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Adjective
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Interjection
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| 'People tend to put on weight in middle age. However, gaining weight is not inevitable.' Identify the 'part of speech' the word 'however' belongs to.; |
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Adverb
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Interjection
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Preposition
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Adjective
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| 'Tina offered Antonio one of her mother's homemade oatmeal cookies.' Identify the 'part of speech' the word 'homemade' belongs to.; |
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Adjective
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Preposition
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Verb
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Conjunction
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| 'To experience the famous eccentric side of Mumbai, visit the Kala Ghoda Art Festival.' Identify the 'part of speech' the word 'eccentric' belongs to.; |
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Adjective
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Adverb
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Noun
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Verb
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| 'Another choice might be playing a video game on the computer.' Identify the 'part of speech' that 'might be' belongs to.; |
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Verb
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Adverb
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Conjunction
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Interjection
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| 'She writes very well.' Identify the 'part of speech' that 'very' belongs to.; |
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Adverb
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Adjective
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Determiner
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Conjunction
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| 'The very thought of food made her feel ill.' Identify the 'part of speech' that 'very' belongs to.; |
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Adverb
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Adjective
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Determiner
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Conjunction
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| 'Everyone crowded around.' Identify the 'part of speech' that 'around' belongs to.; |
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Adverb
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Noun
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Verb
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Preposition
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| 'I often feel we've forgotten to communicate with our surroundings.' Identify the 'part of speech' that 'often' belongs to.; |
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Adverb
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Adjective
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Verb
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Conjunction
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| 'I think we need to rethink how addicted we are becoming to being available for everyone and everything at all times.' Identify the 'part of speech' that 'everyone' belongs to.; |
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Adjective
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Noun
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Pronoun
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Adverb
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| 'I need a simple device to do basic tasks while traveling.' Identify the 'part of speech' that 'while' belongs to.; |
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Conjunction
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Adverb
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Preposition
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Verb
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