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Tip
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Relative clauses help connect two separate ideas which might be expressed in two separate sentences.
E.g.
A girl is talking to Tom. Do you know the girl? –> Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom?
'Who' is a relative pronoun here.
E.g.
A girl is talking to Tom. Do you know the girl? –> Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom?
'Who' is a relative pronoun here.
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Types of Relative pronouns
Relative pronouns are:
i) Subject type: who, which, that
ii) Object type: who(m), which, that
iii) Possessive type: whose
Relative pronouns are:
i) Subject type: who, which, that
ii) Object type: who(m), which, that
iii) Possessive type: whose
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Use relative clauses to provide extra information.This information can either define something (defining clause), or provide unnecessary, but interesting, added information (non–defining clause).
i) Defining clause:
The information provided in a defining relative clause is crucial in understanding the meaning of the sentence.
E.g. The girl who works in the HR team has been awarded as the employee of the year.
Without the information: 'The girl has been awarded as the employee of the year' could mean 'any girl'.
'Who' is the relative pronoun in the sentence given above.
The purpose of a 'defining relative clause' is to clearly define 'who' or 'what' we are talking about. Without this information, it would be difficult to know 'who' or 'what' is meant.
i) Defining clause:
The information provided in a defining relative clause is crucial in understanding the meaning of the sentence.
E.g. The girl who works in the HR team has been awarded as the employee of the year.
Without the information: 'The girl has been awarded as the employee of the year' could mean 'any girl'.
'Who' is the relative pronoun in the sentence given above.
The purpose of a 'defining relative clause' is to clearly define 'who' or 'what' we are talking about. Without this information, it would be difficult to know 'who' or 'what' is meant.
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ii) Non defining clause:
Non–defining relative clauses provide interesting additional information which is not essential to understanding the meaning of the sentence.
E.g. Adam Samuel, who is very handsome, lives on the corner.
'Who' is a relative pronoun in the sentence given above.
Using commas:
• If the non–defining relative clause occurs in the middle of a sentence, a comma is put before the relative pronoun and at the end of the clause.
• If the non–defining relative clause occurs at the end of a sentence, a comma is put before the relative pronoun.
Note that there are no commas in defining clauses.
Non–defining relative clauses provide interesting additional information which is not essential to understanding the meaning of the sentence.
E.g. Adam Samuel, who is very handsome, lives on the corner.
'Who' is a relative pronoun in the sentence given above.
Using commas:
• If the non–defining relative clause occurs in the middle of a sentence, a comma is put before the relative pronoun and at the end of the clause.
• If the non–defining relative clause occurs at the end of a sentence, a comma is put before the relative pronoun.
Note that there are no commas in defining clauses.
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Tip
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We use 'who' and 'whom' for people and 'which' for things. We can use 'that' for people or things.
We use relative pronouns:
• In defining clauses: 'after' a noun, to 'make it clear' which person or thing we are talking about.
E.g. i) The dress 'that' Amy designed
ii) The man 'who' invented the light bulb
• In non–defining clauses: to tell us more about a person or thing:
E.g. i) My mother, 'who' was born in Pahang, has always been a great traveler.
ii) Leonardo DiCaprio, 'who' is 41, has just won an Oscar.
We use relative pronouns:
• In defining clauses: 'after' a noun, to 'make it clear' which person or thing we are talking about.
E.g. i) The dress 'that' Amy designed
ii) The man 'who' invented the light bulb
• In non–defining clauses: to tell us more about a person or thing:
E.g. i) My mother, 'who' was born in Pahang, has always been a great traveler.
ii) Leonardo DiCaprio, 'who' is 41, has just won an Oscar.
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But we do not use 'that' as a 'subject' in non–defining relative clauses. 'That' can never be used in non–defining clauses. 'My aunt, that lived in Penang, gave me the red dress – is incorrect.
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We use 'whose' as the possessive form of 'who'.
E.g. This is Adam, 'whose' sister I went to school with.
We sometimes use 'whom' as the 'object' of a verb or preposition.
E.g. i) This is Amy, 'whom' you met at the mall last week.
ii) This is Adam’s sister, with 'whom' I went to school.
However in modern English, it is common to use 'who' and 'whom' interchangeably.
iii) This is Amy, 'who' you met at the mall last week.
E.g. This is Adam, 'whose' sister I went to school with.
We sometimes use 'whom' as the 'object' of a verb or preposition.
E.g. i) This is Amy, 'whom' you met at the mall last week.
ii) This is Adam’s sister, with 'whom' I went to school.
However in modern English, it is common to use 'who' and 'whom' interchangeably.
iii) This is Amy, 'who' you met at the mall last week.
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I had an aunt in London 'that' I borrowed this dress 'from' means I had an aunt in London, from who[m] I borrowed this dress means I had an aunt in London 'whom' I borrowed this dress 'from'.
Note
With 'whom/who/which', the preposition can come at the beginning or at the end of the clause.
With 'that', the preposition can only come in the end.'I had an aunt in London, from that I borrowed this dress is incorrect since the preposition 'from' should come at the end of the clause.
For E.g.: 'I had an aunt in London, that I borrowed this dress from.
Note
With 'whom/who/which', the preposition can come at the beginning or at the end of the clause.
With 'that', the preposition can only come in the end.
For E.g.: 'I had an aunt in London, that I borrowed this dress from.
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Pick the correct option:
It's the invoice ______
'which' or 'that' |
'which' but not 'that' |
who |
whose |
| Shorten the sentence: 'He is a consultant. I rely on his advice.' ; |
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He is the consultant whose advice I rely upon.
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He is the consultant whom advice I rely upon.
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He is a consultant whose advice I rely upon.
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He is a consultant whom advice I rely upon.
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Pick the correct option:
Jamie, ______
'who' or 'whom' or 'that' |
'who' or 'whom' |
that |
Pick the correct option:
I don’t like the table ______
'which' or 'that' |
'which' but not 'that' |
'that' but not 'which' |
Pick the correct option:
The people ______
'who' or 'that' |
'who' but not 'that' |
which |
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How to Shorten Relative Clauses?
Relative clauses with 'who', 'which', 'that' as subject pronoun can be replaced with a participle. This makes the sentence shorter and easier to understand.
E.g. I told you about the woman 'who lives next door'.
I told you about the woman 'living' next door.
Relative clauses with 'who', 'which', 'that' as subject pronoun can be replaced with a participle. This makes the sentence shorter and easier to understand.
E.g. I told you about the woman 'who lives next door'.
I told you about the woman 'living' next door.
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Pick the correct option:
They had four children, all of ______
whom |
whose |
that |
Pick the correct option:
He couldn't speak English, ______
which (but not that) |
that (but not which) |
'which' or 'that' |
Pick the correct option:
She wrote a best–selling book, the name of ______
which |
that |
who |
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