The number of babies born through caesarean section (C - section) nearly doubled from 12 per cent to 21 per cent of all births between 2000 and 2015, worldwide, according to research published in The Lancet, that shed light on a huge gap in childbirth care between rich and poor mothers.
While C - section is a life - saving intervention for women and newborns, it is not without risk for mother and child, and is also associated with complications in future births.
It is estimated that 10 - 15 per cent of births medically require surgery due to complications such as bleeding, foetal distress, hypertensive disease.
However, the researchers estimate that more than one in four countries in 2015 had lower levels (28 per cent), while most countries used C - section above the recommended level (63 per cent).
"The large increases in C - section use, mostly in richer settings for non - medical purposes, are concerning because of the associated risks for women and children, " said lead author Marleen Temmerman, Aga Khan University in Kenya.
Moreover, the study showed significant disparities within low and middle - income countries.
The wealthiest women were six times more likely to have a C - section compared with the poorest women, and C - section was 1. 6 times more common in private facilities than public facilities.
In a series of three papers, the researchers tracked trends in C - section use globally and in nine regions based on data from 169 countries from WHO and Unicef databases.
In the 10 countries with the highest number of births in 2010 - 2015, the study also identified an emerging gap between wealthy and poorer regions within the same country.
In China, C - section rates diverged from 4 per cent to 62 per cent; in India the range was 7 - 49 per cent.
The researchers also warned that in many settings young physicians are becoming experts in C - section, while losing confidence in their abilities to assist in vaginal birth.
"C - sections can create complications and side effects for mothers and babies, and we call on healthcare professionals, hospitals, funders, women and families to only intervene in this way when it is medically required, " Temmerman added.
"In cases where complications do occur, C - sections save lives, and we must increase accessibility in poorer regions, making C - sections universally available, but we should not overuse them, " she said.
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